nama : adiatma gau putra
nim c.431.12.0027
semester : 1(satu)
nim c.431.12.0027
semester : 1(satu)
PRESENT TENSE
1. Simple Present (Kebiasaan/sederhana sekarang)
He/She/It + To Be (is)
a. Kata kerja dasar pada umumnya ditambah -s.
Ø Kalimat dalam Bentuk Verbal Mendapat Kata Bantu (can/may/must)
Jika kalimat dalam bentuk verbal mendapat kata bantu (can/may/must) maka tidak terjadi penambahan terhadap kata kerja dasarnya. Meskipun subjectnya orang ketiga tunggal. Contoh: 1. I can speak English. Saya dapat berbahasa Inggris 2. You may not smoke here. Kamu tidak dapat merokok di sini.
Ø Tanda Waktu ( Time Signal)
Tanda waktu yang dipergunakan di dalam bentuk Simple Present Tense adalah sebagai berikut:
as a rule (lazimnya) generally (umumnya) normally (biasanya) usually {biasanya) often (seringkali) never (tak pernah) regularly (secara teratur) sometimes (kadang-kadang) seldom (jarang) now days (saat sekarang) steadily (terus-menerus) frequently (sering kali)
here (di sini)
there (di sana every day (setiap hari) every other day (dua hari sekali) every Sunday (trap Hari Minggu) every week (tiap Minggu} now and then (kadang kala) occasionally (kadang-kadang) on and off (kadang-kadang) once in a white (sekali-sekali) once in a week (sekali seminggu) twice a year (dua kali setahun) when (ketika)
b. Jika kata kerja tersebut berakhiran dengan huruf mati dan bersuku kata dua yang tekanannya jatuh pada suku kata terakhir serta didahului oleh huruf hidup, maka huruf mati yang terakhir digandakan, lalu di tambah dengan -ing.
e. Jika kata kerja tersebut berakhiran I dan didahului oleh dua huruf hidup maka tidak digandakan serta ditambah dengan -ing.
d. Jika' kata kerja yang berakhiran e didahului oleh huruf e juga, maka langsung ditambahkan -ing.
e. Jika kata kerja tersebut berakhiran dengan huruf mati dan bersuku kata satu yang didahului oleh sebuah huruf hidup, maka huruf mati tersebut digandakan serta ditambahkan -ing.
f. Jika kata kerja tersebut berakhiran huruf 1 dan didahului oleh sebuah huruf hidup, maka huruf I itu digandakan serta ditambahkan -ing.
g. Jika kata kerja tersebut berakhiran huruf e yang didahului oleh huruf mati, maka e harus dihilangkan, lalu ditambahkan -ing.
h. Jika kata kerja yang berakhiran e tersebut didahului oleh huruf i, maka huruf hidup ie harus digantikan dengan y serta ditambah dengan -Inc
3.PAST TENSE
Simple Past Tense(Bentuk lampau sederhana)
Rumus
Simple Past Tense dalam Bentuk Kalimat Tanya (Interrogative):
Contoh:
READING TEXT
1.RADIO :
Radio is a technology used for signal transmission and modulation by electromagnetic radiation (Electromagnetic Waves).
And these waves propagate across and through the air or can propagate through the vacuum of space, because these waves do not requirethe carrier medium (such as air molecules).
Radio Today also is more advanced, no longer broadcast on the radio transmitter to the listener. But technological advances are alreadylistening to radio via the internet, or language ngetrendnya is Streaming Radio.
Listen to Radio Via Internet is now much loved by the users of internet technology, because we can listen to radio broadcasts from differentregions even though we are in different areas.
2.TEVISION
According to Big Indonesian Dictionary, television means:
1). Broadcasting system images accompanied by sound (sound) via cable or through the air by using a device that converts light (picture)and sound (voice) into electrical waves and turn it back into the beam of light that can be seen and the sound can be heard
2). Aircraft receiving television broadcasts images.
Wikipedia: Television is a telecommunication medium that serves as a well-known motion picture broadcast receivers with sound, whether it is monochrome (black and white) and color.
Television is an electronic system that sends live images and still images with sound via cable or space. This system uses equipment thatconverts light and sound into electronic waves and converts them back into the light to be seen and his voice can be heard.
Televisions have two types of delivery, broadcasting pictures and sound, which is directly broadcasting the event or events that we see as it occurs and broadcasting programs that have been recorded on film or videotape tape.
3.INTERNET
The Internet is a global system of computer networks are interconnected using standard Internet Protocol Suite (TCP / IP) to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private networks, public, academic, business, and government networks, of local to global scope that are linked by a broad array code of electronic network technology, wireless and optical. Internet can also be defined as a worldwide interconnection of computers and computer networks that facilitate the sharing or exchange of information among users.
Electronic mail (E-mail) feature is used as a medium corresponded with others, without any limitation of time, space, cyberspace and evenbureaucracy that seek data or events of certain information on the Internet Catting facility is used to communicate directly with other peopleon the internet . In general, these facilities are often used to talk or chat on the internet world wide web (www) with the world wide web(www) we can retrieve, format, and display information (including text, audio, graphics and video by using the hypertext links .
Some servers on the Internet has provided a file or document that can be replicated for its users for free. Telnet facility is used to log into a particular computer system and work on another computer system. Ghoper function is used to put the information stored on the internetservers using the hierarchy and the user can retrieve information easily and of course free.
4.COMPUTERE
Computer is an electronic machine series or group of thousands and even millions of components that can work together and form aworking system neat and meticulous. The system can then be used to carry out a series of work automatically, based on a program orsequence of instructions given to him.
Definitions gives the sense that the computer has more than one part of the work together, and part-any part of it can only work if there iselectricity flowing in it. The terms of the group of machines, or the terms of the millions of components to be known as computer hardwareor computer hardware.
Computer hardware can also be interpreted as the physical equipment of the computer itself. For the physical equipment that can be seen, held, or transferred.
In this case, the computer may not be able to work without the program that has been put into it. This program could be a lawyer operasianprocedure of the computer itself, or various procedures in processing the data that has been previously defined. And programs is thenreferred to as computer software or computer software.
In principle, the computer is only a tool; tool that can be used to assist people in completing the work. To be able to work, the devicerequires a program and people. Human understanding became known to not brainware (the man).
5.HANDPHONE
Or so-called Mobile Handsets or often known as the phone is an electronic telecommunications device that has the same basic capabilitiesof conventional fixed-line telephone, but it can be taken anywhere (portable, mobile) and need not be connected to the telephone networkusing a cable (wireless; wireless)
A mobile phone allows users to make and receive phone calls to and from the public telephone network which includes other mobiles andfixed-line phones across the world. It does this by connecting to a cellular network owned by a mobile network operator. A key feature ofthe cellular network is that it enables seamless telephone calls even when the user is moving around wide areas via a process known ashandoff or handover.
Besides being a telephone, modern Mobile also support many additional services, and accessories, such as SMS (or text) messages, e-mail, Internet access, gaming, Bluetooth and infrared short range wireless communication, camera, MMS messaging, radio player, MP3 andGPS. Low-end mobile phones are often referred to as feature phones, whereas high-end mobile phone that offers more advanced computing ability are referred to as smartphones
1. Simple Present (Kebiasaan/sederhana sekarang)
Simple Present adalah bentuk waktu yang digunakan untuk menyatakan perbuatan. Dimana perbuatan itu sedang dikenakan atau sesuatu yang merupakan kebiasaan sehari-hari. Ciri-ciri keterangannya antara lain every day, every Sunday, every month, every year, every week, etc
Ø Rumus :
A. Bentuk Nominal
I/You/We/They + To Be (am/are)He/She/It + To Be (is)
Contoh:
1) She is here every Monday.
Dia berada disini setiap hari Senin.
2) We are at cinema every night.
Kami berada di bioskop setiap malam
3) He is very poor
Dia sangat miskin
B. Bentuk Verbal
I/You/We/They + VERB I
He/She/It + VERB I (s/es)
Contoh:
1) We go lo school every day.
Setiap hari kami pergi ke sekolah.
2) They study Math at school.
Mereka belajar matematika di Sekolah
3) He watches movie in the evening
Dia nonton bioskop pada sore hari.
Ø Penggunaan Present Tense :
- Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang menjadi kebiasaan sering dilakukan (habitual action).
Contoh:
1. They go to school every day.
Mereka pergi ke sekolah setiap hari.
2. He goes to the office at 7 o’clock.
Dia pergi ke kantor pada jam 7.
- Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kebenaran umum (general truth) atau suatu kejadian yang tidak dapat disangkal (dan dulu sampai sekarang tidak mengalami perubahan).
Contoh:
1. The sun sets in the west.
Matahari terbenam di barat
2. The world is around.
Dunia (adalah) bulat
3. The ice is cold
Itu rasanya dingin.
Ø Simple Present Tense dalam Bentuk Kalimat Tanya (Interrogative) :
Jika hendak membuat kalimat tanya, maka ditambahkan kata bantu di depan Subject, yaitu:
- To Be (is/am/are) pada kalimat Bentuk Nominal
? : To Be (am/are) + I/You/We/They ? : To Be (is) + He/She/It)
- Do untuk I/You/They/We dan Does untuk He/She/It pada kalimat Bentuk Verbal.
? : Do + I/You/We/They + VERB I ? : Does + He/She/It + VERB I (s/es)
Contoh:
1. Are you a new student here ?
Apakah anda siswa baru disini ?
2. Do you speak English ?
Apakah kamu berbahasa Inggris ?
3. Does he go to Ball every day ?
Apakah dia pergi ke Bali setiap hari ?
Catatan:
Perlu diingat, apabila kalimat Interrogative dipergunakan pada orang ketiga tunggal (he/she/it) pada Bentuk Verbal, maka kata kerjanya tidak mendapatkan tambahan apa-apa:
Contoh : Does she goes to ..... menjadi Does she go to ......
Ø Simple Present Tense dalam Bentuk Kalimat Menyangkal (Negative):
Jika hendak membuat kalimat menyangkal, maka ditambahkan -not (n’t)
- Di belakang To Be (is/am/are) pada Bentuk Nominal:
-: I/You/We/They + To Be (am/are) + not
-: He/She/It + To Be (Is) + Not
- Di belakang Do atau Does pada Bentuk Verbal
-: I/You/We/They + VERB I + do + not
-: He/She/It + VERB I (s/es) + does + not
Contoh: 1. I am not a police. Saya bukan seorang polisi 2. They do not (don’t) study English. Mereka tidak belajar Bahasa Inggris. 3. She does not (doesn’t} speak English well, Dia belum berbahasa Inggris dengan baik.
Ø Kalimat pada Bentuk Verbal adalah Kalimat Berita (Affirmative) :
Jika kalimat pada bentuk verbal adalah kalimat berita dan subjectnya orang ketiga tunggal (ke/she/it}, maka kata kerja dasar yang digunakan akan mengalami perubahan sebagai berikut:a. Kata kerja dasar pada umumnya ditambah -s.
to cut cuts memotong
to dig digs menggali
b. Kata kerja dasar yang berakhiran ch, sh, s dan x ditambah -es.
to teach teaches mengajar
to wash washes mencuci
to mix mixes mencampur
c. Kata kerja dasar berakhiran o ditambah -es.
to do does mengerjakan
to go goes pergi
to undo undoes membatalkan
d. Kata kerja dasar yang berakhiran vokal e. meskipun bersuara z dan j, ditambahkan -s.
to use uses menggunakan
to leave leaves meninggalkan
e. Kata kerja dasar yang berakhiran y dan didahului oleh huruf mati, y diganti dengan i kemudian ditambah dengan -es.
to fly flies tentang
to study studies belajar
f. Kata kerja dasar yang berakhiran y dan didahului oleh huruf hidup, hanya ditambah dengan -s saja.
to buy buys membeli
Ø Kalimat dalam Bentuk Verbal Mendapat Kata Bantu (can/may/must)
Ø Tanda Waktu ( Time Signal)
| always (selalu) |
here (di sini)
there (di sana every day (setiap hari) every other day (dua hari sekali) every Sunday (trap Hari Minggu) every week (tiap Minggu} now and then (kadang kala) occasionally (kadang-kadang) on and off (kadang-kadang) once in a white (sekali-sekali) once in a week (sekali seminggu) twice a year (dua kali setahun) when (ketika)
2.PRESENT CONTINIUS TENSE (Waktu sedang berlangsung sekarang)
Present Continues Tense ialah bentuk waktu yang digunakan untuk menyatakan perbuatan yang sedang berlangsung atau sedang dikerjakan. Ciri-ciri keterangan yang digunakan misalnya: now, right now, to day, this morning dsb.
Rumus:
I/You/We/They + To Be (am/are) + V I (ing)
He/She/It + To Be (is) + VI (ing)
Contoh:
1) I am playing volley ball now.
Sekarang saya sedang bermain bola voly.
2) We are studying English now
Kami sedang belajar Bahasa Inggris sekarang
3) She is listening the radio.
Dia sedang mendengarkan radio.
Ø Penggunaan Present Continuous Tense :
— Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa yang sedang berlangsung
Contoh:
They are playing soccer now
Mereka bermain sepak bola sekarang.
— Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa yang bersifat sementara
Contoh:
I am studying now but I will go out soon.
Saya sedang belajar sekarang tapi saya akan segera keluar.
— Digunakan untuk menyatakan peristiwa yang berlangsung untuk masa yang akan datang.
Contoh:
They are playing again in a few days.
Mereka bermain lagi dalam beberapa hari ini.
Ø Present Continuous Tense dalam Bentuk Kalimat Tanya (Interrogative):
Jika hendak membuat Kalimat tanya, maka To Be diletakkan di depan Subject.
? : To Be (am/are) + I/You/We/They/We + V I (ing)
? : To Be (is) + He/Se/It + V I (ing) .
Contoh:
1. Are you playing soccer ?
Apakah kamu sedang bermain sepak bola ?
2. Is Beny watching TV ?
Apakah Beny sedang nonton TV ?
3. Am I standing there ?
Apakah saya sedang berdiri di sana ?
Ø Present Continuous Tense dalam Bentuk Kalimat Menyangkal (Negative):
Jika hendak membuat kalimat menyangkal, maka kita tambahkan –not di belakang To Be (am/is/are}
- :I/You/We/They/We + To Be (am/are) + not + V I (ing)
- : He/She/It + To Be (is) + not + V I (ing)
Contoh:
1. I am not studying Biology.
Saya tidak belajar Biologi.
2. He Is not (isn't) listening the radio
Dia tidak mendengarkan fade.
3. They are not (aren’t} standing there ?
Mereka tidak berdiri di sana.
Ø Untuk Kata Kerja yang Melukiskan Perasaan (Verb of Emotion) :
Jika kata kerja di dalam bentuk Present Continuous Tense melukiskan perasaan seperti dislike, like, want dan lain-lain, maka tidak boleh ditambahkan -ing dan To Be walaupun pengucapan kalimat nya pada saat sedang berlangsungnya peristiwa.
Contoh:
1. I like Mrs. Maddona.
Saya suka Nyonya Maddona.
BUKAN : I am liking Mrs. Maddona.
2. We want to see our new neighbor.
Kami ingin bertemu dengan tetangga baru kami.
BUKAN : We are wanting to see our new neighbor.
Ø Untuk Kata Kerja yang Menyatakan Pikiran atau Pendapat (Verb of Thought or Opinion):
Jika kata kerja di dalam bentuk Present Continuous Tense menyatakan pikiran atau pendapat seperti forget, believe, expect, prefer, remember, realize, know dan lain-lain, maka tidak boleh ditambahkan -ing dan To Be.
Contoh:
1. Dani believe she would come here.
Dani percaya dia akan datang kemari.
BUKAN : I am beliving she would come here.
Ø Untuk Kata Kerja yang Berhubungan dengan Panca Indera (Verb of Sense);
Jika kata kerja di dalam bentuk Present Continuous Tense berhubungan dengan panca indera seperti see, hear, smell, notice, taste dan lain-lain, maka tidak boleh ditambahkan -ing dan To Be
Contoh:
1. The food smell really good.
Makanan ini sungguh enak baunya.
BUKAN ; The food is smelling really good.
Ø Untuk Kata Kerja yang Menunjukkan Kepunyaan (Verb of Possession):
Jika kata kerja di dalam Present Continuous Tense menunjukkan kepunyaan seperti belong to, owe, own dan lain-lain, maka tidak boleh ditambahkan -ing dan To Be.
Contoh:
1. Mr. Banu owns two cars.
Tuan Banu memiliki dua buah mobil.
BUKAN: Mr. Banu is owning two cars.
Ø Pembentukan Kata Kerja Dasar yang Ditambah -ing (Present Participle) dalam Present Continuous Tense :
a. Pembentukan Present Participle pada umumnya dengan menambahkan –ing pada bentuk kata kerja dasar.
to begin beginning . memulai
lo give giving memberi
b. Jika kata kerja tersebut berakhiran dengan huruf mati dan bersuku kata dua yang tekanannya jatuh pada suku kata terakhir serta didahului oleh huruf hidup, maka huruf mati yang terakhir digandakan, lalu di tambah dengan -ing.
to begin beginning memulai
to submit submitting mengajukan
e. Jika kata kerja tersebut berakhiran I dan didahului oleh dua huruf hidup maka tidak digandakan serta ditambah dengan -ing.
to conceal concealing merahasiakan
to sail sailing berlayar
d. Jika' kata kerja yang berakhiran e didahului oleh huruf e juga, maka langsung ditambahkan -ing.
to see seeing melihat
to flee fleeing melarikan diri
e. Jika kata kerja tersebut berakhiran dengan huruf mati dan bersuku kata satu yang didahului oleh sebuah huruf hidup, maka huruf mati tersebut digandakan serta ditambahkan -ing.
to swim swimming berenang
to cut cutting memotong
f. Jika kata kerja tersebut berakhiran huruf 1 dan didahului oleh sebuah huruf hidup, maka huruf I itu digandakan serta ditambahkan -ing.
to travel traveling bepergian
to control controlling mengawasi
g. Jika kata kerja tersebut berakhiran huruf e yang didahului oleh huruf mati, maka e harus dihilangkan, lalu ditambahkan -ing.
to write writing menulis
to come coming datang
h. Jika kata kerja yang berakhiran e tersebut didahului oleh huruf i, maka huruf hidup ie harus digantikan dengan y serta ditambah dengan -Inc
to lie lying berdusta
to die dying mati
Ø Tanda Waktu (Time Signal) ;
Tanda waktu yang digunakan dalam Present Continuous Tense adalah sebagai berikut:
now (sekarang) this morning (pagi ini)
right now (saat ini) this afternoon {sore ini)
at present {pada saat ini) lo night (malam ini)
to day (hari ini) tomorrow (besok)
soon (segera) in a few days (dalam beberapa hari3.PAST TENSE
Simple Past Tense(Bentuk lampau sederhana)
Simple past tense ialah bentuk waktu yang menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang terjadi di masa lampau (bersifat sederhana) dan tidak ada hubungannya sama sekali dengan masa sekarang. Ciri penandanya misalnya terdapat kata: last week, yesterday, last years, ago, last Saturday dan sebagainya.
Rumus
A.Bentuk Nominal:
You/They/We + To Be (were)
I/He/She/H + To Be (was)
Contoh;
1)I was here lat night.
Saya berada disini tadi malam
2} They were happy last week.
Kami gembira minggu lain.
B.Bentuk Verbal
I/You/We/They/He/She/lt + V II
Contoh:
1)I went last week
Minggu lain says pergi.
2)She went to Bali yesterday.
Kemarin dia pergi ke Bali
Simple Past Tense dalam Bentuk Kalimat Tanya (Interrogative):
Jika hendak membuat kalimat tanya, maka To Be (was/were) untuk Bentuk Nominal diletakkan di muka Subject:
? :To Be (were) + You/They/We
? :To Be (was) + I/He/She/It
Sedangkan untuk Bentuk Verbal ditambahkan Did yang diletakkan di depan Subject.
?:Did + l/You/We/They/He/S he/it + V II
Contoh:
1.Was I hunger yesterday?
Apakah say a kelaparan kemarin?
2.Were we noisy in the classroom last morning?
Apakah kami ribut di kelas tadi pagi?
3.Did we move the cupboard beside room?
Apakah kami memindahkan almari itu di samping kamar?
Simple Past Tense dalam Bentuk Kalimat Menyangkal (Negative):
Jika hendak membuat kalimat menyangkal, maka kita tambahkan –not di belakang To Be (was/were) pada Bentuk Nominal.
-: You/They/We + To Be (were) + not
-:I/He/She/It + To Be (was) + not
Sedangkan pada Bentuk Verbal ditambahkan Did dan dibelakangnya diikuti dengan –not.
- :I/You/we/They/He/She/lt + Did + not + V II
Contoh:
1.They were not busy when our teacher came
Mereka tidak sibuk ketika guru kami datang.
2.She was not here last week.
Dia tidak di sini minggu lalu
.3.You did not (didn't) kick my cat yesterday.
Kamu tidak menendang facing saya kemarin.
Tanda Waktu (Time Signal) :
yesterday (kemarin)yesterday morning (kemarin pagi)
last Monday (hari Senin lain)an hour ago (sejam yang lalu)
two days ago (dua hari lalu)in 1970 (pada tahun 1970)
last night (tadi malam)the other day (beberapa hari lalu)
last year (tahun lalu)every day last year (tiap hari tahun lalu)
a fortnight ago (dua minggu lalu)a few minute ago (beberapa menit lalu)
FUTURE TENSE
1. Simple Future Tense (Akan datang sederhana).
I/We + shall + be They/You/He/She/It + will + be Contoh: 1) She win be at home tomorrow. Ia akan berada di rumah besok 2). The shrimp will be fished by them at the dam. Udang akan dipancing mereka di tambak.
I / Wee + shall + V I You / They / She / It + will + V I
Contoh:
1) I will go to Surabaya tomorrow.
Besok saya akan pergi ke Surabaya.
2) I shall boil water in the kitchen.
Aku akan mendidihkan air di dapur.
- : Shall + I/ We + VI ? : Will + You / They /She/It +V I
Contoh: 1. Shall I boil water in the kitchen? Apakah saya akan mendidihkan air di dapur?
2. Will you send his book next week? Apakah kau akan mengirimkan bukunya minggu depan?
- : I / We + Shall + not + V I
- : You / They / She / It + Will + not + V I
Contoh:
1. She will not keep certificate in the cupboard.
Dia tidak akan menyimpan ijazahnya di lemari.
2. We shall not dig a well tomorrow.
Kami tidak akan menggali sumur besok.
to night (malam nanti) tomorrow (besok) if (jika) before (sebelum) after (sesudah) till (hingga)
next week (minggu depan)
next Sunday (hari Minggu depan) soon {segera) when (ketika) while (ketika, selagi) as soon as (segera sesudah) until (hingga, sampai)
2. Future Continuous Tense (Akan sedang berlangsung)
Contoh:
1) My mother will be teaching math at five o'clock next week.
Jam lima minggu depan ibuku akan (sedang) mengajar
2) I shall be going out at six tomorrow morning.
Saya akan sedans keluar pada jam enam besok pagi.
? : Shall + I/We + be + V I + ing ? : Will + You/They/He/She/It + be VI + ing
Contoh: 1. Shall I be studying English if you come to night?
- : I/We + Shall + not + be + V I + ing
- : You/They/He/She/lt + Will + not + be + V I + ing
Contoh:
1. You will not be helping me if you have a change.
2. We shall not be proposing for a job at seven o'clock.
Kami tidak akan sedang melamar suatu pekerjaan pada jam tujuh.
at this time tomorrow (pada saat ini besok)
3. Future Perfect Tense (Sempurna selesai akan datang)
I/We + shall + have + been They/You/He/She/It + will + have + been
Contoh: 1) She will have been at home
Dia akan telah berada di rumah.
2) The wild boar will have been here for a year by next week.
I/We + shall + have + V III
They/You/He/She/It + will + have + V III
Contoh:
1) My sister will have read two Novel of Fredy’s writes by the end of this week.
Kami akan sudah tiba df India pada hari Minggu.
Ø Future Perfect Tense dalam Bentuk Kalimat Tanya (Interrogative);
Jika hendak membuat kalimat tanya, maka shall dan will diletakkan di depan Subject.
- : Shall + I/We + have + V III
- : Will + They/You/He/She/It + have + V III
Contoh:
1. Wit they have paid the house by the end of this Sunday ?
Ø Future Perfect Tense dalam Bentuk Kalimat Menyangkal (Negative):
Jika hendak membuat kalimat menyangkal, maka ditambahkan –not di belakang shall dan will.
- : I/We + Shall + not + have + V III
Contoh:
1. The wild boar win not have been here for a year by next month
Mereka belum akan sudah tiba di Surabaya menjelang minggu ini.
I/We + shall + have been + V I + ing
You/They/He/She/It + will + have been + V I + ing Contoh:
? : Shall + I/We + have been +V I + ing
? : Will + You/They/He/She/lt + have been + V I + ing
Contoh:
- : I/We + Shall + not + have been + V I + ing
- : You/They/He/She/H + Will + not + have been + V I + ing Contoh:
2. Shall we not have been swimming for two days the end of this week.
5.PAST FUTURE TENSE
You/They/He/She/It + would + be + V I + ing
Contoh:
1) I should be beginning an examination at this time following day.
Aku akan (sedang) memulai ujian pada jam ini di hari berikutnya
2) We would be playing at six o'clock yesterday morning.
Pukul enam kemarin pagi saya (akan) sedang bermain.
- : Should + I/We + be + V I + ing
- : Would + You/They/He/She/It + be + V I + ing
Contoh:
1. Should I be watching TV at nine o'clock last night ?
Apakah saya akan sedang melihat TV jam sepuluh tadi malam ?
2. Would you be playing a chess at three o'clock yesterday ?
Apakah kamu akan sedang bermain catur pada jam tiga kemarin ?
- : I/We + Should + not + be + V I+ ing
- : You/They/He/She/It + Would + not + be + V I + ing
Contoh:
1. She would not be reading the novel at six o'clock last Sunday.
Dia tidak akan sedang membaca novel pada jam enam minggu lalu
2. I should not be watching TV at nine o'clock last night.
Saya tidak akan sedang menonton TV jam sembilan tadi malam.
Tanda Waktu (Time Signal):
Tanda waktu yang sering dipergunakan dalam bentuk Past Future Continuous Tense adalah sebagai berikut: at this time the following day (saat ini hen berikutnya) at five yesterday (jam lima kemarin).
FUTURE TENSE
1. Simple Future Tense (Akan datang sederhana).
Simple future tense adalah bentuk waktu yang menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang akan dikerjakan di waktu mendatang. Ciri penandanya misalnya terdapat kata tomorrow, next week, next month, next year, next Saturday dsb.
Ø Rumus:
A. Bentuk Nominal:
I/We + shall + be They/You/He/She/It + will + be Contoh: 1) She win be at home tomorrow. Ia akan berada di rumah besok 2). The shrimp will be fished by them at the dam. Udang akan dipancing mereka di tambak.
B. Bentuk Verbal:
I / Wee + shall + V I You / They / She / It + will + V I
1) I will go to Surabaya tomorrow.
Besok saya akan pergi ke Surabaya.
2) I shall boil water in the kitchen.
Aku akan mendidihkan air di dapur.
Ø Penggunaan Simple Future Tense:
— Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan atau peristiwa yang akan dilakukan pads waktu yang akan datang.
Contoh:
I shall go to Jombang next moth.
Saya akan pergi ke Jombang bulan depan.
— Digunakan untuk menunjukkan syarat.
Contoh:
Mr. Fajar will give you a good camera if you go with him.
Tuan Fajar akan memberimu sebuah kamera yang bagus jika kamu pergi bersamanya.
— Digunakan untuk memohon kepada seseorang untuk melakukan sesuatu.
Contoh;
Will you please help me to post this letter.
Tolong poskan surat ini untuk saya.
— Digunakan untuk membuat suatu janji pada waktu yang akan datang.
Contoh:
She will help you by three this afternoon.
Dia akan membantumu menjelang pukul tiga sore nanti.
Ø Simple Future Tense dalam Bentuk Kalimat Tanya (Interrogative):
Jika hendak membuat kalimat tanya, maka shall dan will diletakkan di depan Subject.- : Shall + I/ We + VI ? : Will + You / They /She/It +V I
2. Will you send his book next week? Apakah kau akan mengirimkan bukunya minggu depan?
Ø Simple Future Tense dalam Bentuk Kalimat Menyangkal (Negative):
Jika hendak membuat kalimat menyangkal, maka ditambahkan –not di belakang shall dan will.- : I / We + Shall + not + V I
- : You / They / She / It + Will + not + V I
Contoh:
1. She will not keep certificate in the cupboard.
Dia tidak akan menyimpan ijazahnya di lemari.
2. We shall not dig a well tomorrow.
Kami tidak akan menggali sumur besok.
Ø Tanda Waktu (Time Signal):
Tanda waktu yang biasa digunakan dalam bentuk Simple Future Tense adalah sebagai berikut:| this afternoon (nanti sore) |
next week (minggu depan)
next Sunday (hari Minggu depan) soon {segera) when (ketika) while (ketika, selagi) as soon as (segera sesudah) until (hingga, sampai)
Future continuous Tense ialah bentuk waktu yang menyatakan suatu perbuatan akan (sedang) berlangsung pada waktu mendatang. Ciri penandanya biasanya menggunakan kata at five next week, at this time tomorrow, dan lain sebagainya.
Ø Rumus:
I/We + shall + be + V I + ing
You/They/He/She/It + will + be + V I + ing1) My mother will be teaching math at five o'clock next week.
Jam lima minggu depan ibuku akan (sedang) mengajar
2) I shall be going out at six tomorrow morning.
Saya akan sedans keluar pada jam enam besok pagi.
Ø Future Continuous Tense dalam Bentuk Kalimat Tanya (Interrogative)
Jika hendak membuat kalimat tanya, maka shall dan will diletakkan di depan Subject.? : Shall + I/We + be + V I + ing ? : Will + You/They/He/She/It + be VI + ing
Apakah saya akan sedang belajar bahasa Inggris kalau kamu datang nanti malam?
2. Will you be helping me if you have a change?
Apakah kamu akan sedang membantu saya jika kamu punya kesempatan ?
Ø Future Continuous Tense dalam Bentuk Kalimat Menyangkal (Negative):
Jika hendak membuat kalimat menyangkal, maka ditambahkan –not di belakang hall dan will.- : You/They/He/She/lt + Will + not + be + V I + ing
Contoh:
1. You will not be helping me if you have a change.
Kamu tidak akan sedang membantu saya, kalau kamu punya kesempatan.
Kami tidak akan sedang melamar suatu pekerjaan pada jam tujuh.
Ø Tanda Waktu (Time Signal):
Tanda waktu yang sering digunakan pada Future Continuous Tense adalah sebagai berikut: at this time next year (waktu ini tahun depan)at this time tomorrow (pada saat ini besok)
3. Future Perfect Tense (Sempurna selesai akan datang)
Future perfect tense ialah bentuk waktu yang menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang telah dilakukan di masa lampau selesai pada waktu lain di masa yang akan datang. Ciri-ciri penandanya biasanya terdapat kata by the time, by the end of, before, dsb.
Ø Rumus:
A. Bentuk Nominal I/We + shall + have + been They/You/He/She/It + will + have + been
Dia akan telah berada di rumah.
2) The wild boar will have been here for a year by next week.
Babi liar itu akan telah berada di sini selama satu tahun menjelang akhir minggu ini.
B. Bentuk Verbal:I/We + shall + have + V III
They/You/He/She/It + will + have + V III
Contoh:
1) My sister will have read two Novel of Fredy’s writes by the end of this week.
Kakak perempuanku telah membaca dua novel karangan Fredy dan (akan) selesai dalam minggu ini.
2) We shall have arrived at India by Sunday.Kami akan sudah tiba df India pada hari Minggu.
Ø Future Perfect Tense dalam Bentuk Kalimat Tanya (Interrogative);
- : Shall + I/We + have + V III
- : Will + They/You/He/She/It + have + V III
1. Wit they have paid the house by the end of this Sunday ?
Apakah mereka akan sudah membayar rumah ini menjelang akhir Minggu?
2. Shall I have left my house for seven month, by the end of next week ?
Apakah says akan sudah meninggalkan rumahku selama tujuh bulan, menjelang akhir minggu ini?
Ø Future Perfect Tense dalam Bentuk Kalimat Menyangkal (Negative):
- : I/We + Shall + not + have + V III
- : They/You/He/She/It +Will + not + have + VIII
1. The wild boar win not have been here for a year by next month
Babi liar itu belum akan sudah di sini selama setahun menjelang akhir bulan ini.
2. They will not have arrived at Surabaya by this week.Mereka belum akan sudah tiba di Surabaya menjelang minggu ini.
Ø Tanda Waktu (Time Signal) :
Tanda Waktu yang sering digunakan dalam bentuk Figure Perfect Tense adalah sebagai berikut: by Sunday (menjelang hari Minggu) by the end of this week (menjelang akhir minggu ini) by next month (menjelang bulan depan)
4. Future Perfect Continuous Tense (Sedang berlangsung selesai akan datang)
Future perfect continuous tense ialah bentuk waktu yang menyatakan perbuatan yang sudah terjadi di masa lampau dan perbuatan itu mungkin akan berlangsung pada waktu yang berlainan di masa mendatang.
Ø Rumus:
I/We + shall + have been + V I + ing
You/They/He/She/It + will + have been + V I + ing Contoh:
1) By next New year I shall have been teaching at this SMU for three years.
Menjelang tahun baru mendatang (berarti) telah tiga tahun saya mengajar di SMU.
2) He will have been composing for a year by the end of this year
Dia akan sudah mengarang selama setahun menjelang akhir tahun ini.
Ø Future Perfect Continuous Tense dalam Bentuk Kalimat Tanya (Interrogative):
Jika hendak membuat kalimat tanya, maka shall dan will diletakkan di depan Subject.? : Shall + I/We + have been +V I + ing
? : Will + You/They/He/She/lt + have been + V I + ing
Contoh:
1. Will you have been leaving the town for two years by the end of this year ?
Apakah kamu akan sudah meninggalkan kota ini menjelang akhir tahun ini ?
2. Shall we have been studying at SMP for three years by the year ?
Apakah dia akan sudah belajar di SMP selama tiga tahun menjelang tahun ini ?
Ø Future Perfect Continuous Tense dalam Bentuk Kalimat Menyangkal (Negative):
Jika hendak membuat kalimat menyangkal. maka ditambahkan -not di belakang shall dan will.- : I/We + Shall + not + have been + V I + ing
- : You/They/He/She/H + Will + not + have been + V I + ing Contoh:
1. I shall not have been staying here for five years by the end of the month.
Say a belum akan sudah tinggal di sini selama lima tahun menjelang akhir bulan ini.
Itu belum akan sudah berenang selama dua hari menjelang akhir minggu ini.
Ø Tanda Waktu (Time Signal):
Tanda waktu yang sering digunakan dalam bentuk Puture Perfect Continuous Tense adalah sebagai berikut: by the end of ... (menjelang akhir ...) by the end of this year (menjelang akhir tahun ini) by the end of 1995 (menjelang akhir tahun 1995)5.PAST FUTURE TENSE
Ø Past Future Continuous Tense (Akan sedang berlangsung dimasa lampau)
Past future continuous tense ialah bentuk waktu untuk menyatakan perbuatan yang akan (sedang) dilaksanakan di masa lampau.
Ø Rumus:
I/We + should + be + V I + ingYou/They/He/She/It + would + be + V I + ing
Contoh:
1) I should be beginning an examination at this time following day.
Aku akan (sedang) memulai ujian pada jam ini di hari berikutnya
2) We would be playing at six o'clock yesterday morning.
Pukul enam kemarin pagi saya (akan) sedang bermain.
Ø Past Future Continuous Tense dalam Bentuk Kalimat Tanya (Interrogative) :
Jika hendak membuat kalimat tanya, maka should dan would diletakkan depan Subject.- : Should + I/We + be + V I + ing
- : Would + You/They/He/She/It + be + V I + ing
Contoh:
1. Should I be watching TV at nine o'clock last night ?
Apakah saya akan sedang melihat TV jam sepuluh tadi malam ?
2. Would you be playing a chess at three o'clock yesterday ?
Apakah kamu akan sedang bermain catur pada jam tiga kemarin ?
Ø Past Future Continuous Tense dalam Bentuk Kalimat Menyangkal (Negative):
Jika hendak membuat kalimat menyangkal, maka ditambahkan -not- : I/We + Should + not + be + V I+ ing
- : You/They/He/She/It + Would + not + be + V I + ing
Contoh:
1. She would not be reading the novel at six o'clock last Sunday.
Dia tidak akan sedang membaca novel pada jam enam minggu lalu
2. I should not be watching TV at nine o'clock last night.
Saya tidak akan sedang menonton TV jam sembilan tadi malam.
Tanda Waktu (Time Signal):
Tanda waktu yang sering dipergunakan dalam bentuk Past Future Continuous Tense adalah sebagai berikut: at this time the following day (saat ini hen berikutnya) at five yesterday (jam lima kemarin).
READING TEXT
1.RADIO :
Radio is a technology used for signal transmission and modulation by electromagnetic radiation (Electromagnetic Waves).
And these waves propagate across and through the air or can propagate through the vacuum of space, because these waves do not requirethe carrier medium (such as air molecules).
Radio Today also is more advanced, no longer broadcast on the radio transmitter to the listener. But technological advances are alreadylistening to radio via the internet, or language ngetrendnya is Streaming Radio.
Listen to Radio Via Internet is now much loved by the users of internet technology, because we can listen to radio broadcasts from differentregions even though we are in different areas.
2.TEVISION
According to Big Indonesian Dictionary, television means:
1). Broadcasting system images accompanied by sound (sound) via cable or through the air by using a device that converts light (picture)and sound (voice) into electrical waves and turn it back into the beam of light that can be seen and the sound can be heard
2). Aircraft receiving television broadcasts images.
Wikipedia: Television is a telecommunication medium that serves as a well-known motion picture broadcast receivers with sound, whether it is monochrome (black and white) and color.
Television is an electronic system that sends live images and still images with sound via cable or space. This system uses equipment thatconverts light and sound into electronic waves and converts them back into the light to be seen and his voice can be heard.
Televisions have two types of delivery, broadcasting pictures and sound, which is directly broadcasting the event or events that we see as it occurs and broadcasting programs that have been recorded on film or videotape tape.
3.INTERNET
The Internet is a global system of computer networks are interconnected using standard Internet Protocol Suite (TCP / IP) to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private networks, public, academic, business, and government networks, of local to global scope that are linked by a broad array code of electronic network technology, wireless and optical. Internet can also be defined as a worldwide interconnection of computers and computer networks that facilitate the sharing or exchange of information among users.
Electronic mail (E-mail) feature is used as a medium corresponded with others, without any limitation of time, space, cyberspace and evenbureaucracy that seek data or events of certain information on the Internet Catting facility is used to communicate directly with other peopleon the internet . In general, these facilities are often used to talk or chat on the internet world wide web (www) with the world wide web(www) we can retrieve, format, and display information (including text, audio, graphics and video by using the hypertext links .
Some servers on the Internet has provided a file or document that can be replicated for its users for free. Telnet facility is used to log into a particular computer system and work on another computer system. Ghoper function is used to put the information stored on the internetservers using the hierarchy and the user can retrieve information easily and of course free.
4.COMPUTERE
Computer is an electronic machine series or group of thousands and even millions of components that can work together and form aworking system neat and meticulous. The system can then be used to carry out a series of work automatically, based on a program orsequence of instructions given to him.
Definitions gives the sense that the computer has more than one part of the work together, and part-any part of it can only work if there iselectricity flowing in it. The terms of the group of machines, or the terms of the millions of components to be known as computer hardwareor computer hardware.
Computer hardware can also be interpreted as the physical equipment of the computer itself. For the physical equipment that can be seen, held, or transferred.
In this case, the computer may not be able to work without the program that has been put into it. This program could be a lawyer operasianprocedure of the computer itself, or various procedures in processing the data that has been previously defined. And programs is thenreferred to as computer software or computer software.
In principle, the computer is only a tool; tool that can be used to assist people in completing the work. To be able to work, the devicerequires a program and people. Human understanding became known to not brainware (the man).
5.HANDPHONE
Or so-called Mobile Handsets or often known as the phone is an electronic telecommunications device that has the same basic capabilitiesof conventional fixed-line telephone, but it can be taken anywhere (portable, mobile) and need not be connected to the telephone networkusing a cable (wireless; wireless)
A mobile phone allows users to make and receive phone calls to and from the public telephone network which includes other mobiles andfixed-line phones across the world. It does this by connecting to a cellular network owned by a mobile network operator. A key feature ofthe cellular network is that it enables seamless telephone calls even when the user is moving around wide areas via a process known ashandoff or handover.
Besides being a telephone, modern Mobile also support many additional services, and accessories, such as SMS (or text) messages, e-mail, Internet access, gaming, Bluetooth and infrared short range wireless communication, camera, MMS messaging, radio player, MP3 andGPS. Low-end mobile phones are often referred to as feature phones, whereas high-end mobile phone that offers more advanced computing ability are referred to as smartphones
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